Vocab words for test!

Feudalism – a term used by historians to describe governmental system and the relationship between landowners and warriors; a term coined by  historians to describe the type of government institutions as well as the general social and political relationships to existed among the warrior land holders in much of Europe during the Middle Ages

feudal compact – When the lord would grant a fief to the knight, who would then become the lord’s vassal; An arrangement between a lord between his vassal involving the exchange of property for personal service

fief – property; the piece of land that you get when you become a vassal to the king; A grant of land accompanying government responsibilities and power

vassal – servant; servant that is a knight that does not do nasty things

knight – a vassal to the lord; a warrior who has to go through training with an older night and has entered in the feudal compact with the lord

homage – A vassal’s act of promising loyalty and obedience to his land

serf – a peasant bound to a landowner; bound to the land and had a lifelong heredity  status, no way to work your way up to night, someone who works the land and probably lives in a cottage

baron – A great lord who exercised government authority over vast family territory

peasantry – lowest group of estate, those who work, were not all serfs

estates – In the middle ages, the groups that made up society often defined as those who play (clergy), those who fight (nobility), and those who work (peasantry)

manor – Always belonging to the nobility, where the lord and the lady live; the principal farming property and social unit of a medieval community, usually belonging to a member of the feudal nobility or to a Church institution

three-field-system – used where two fields were planted )on in fall, one in spring and one field was left to reconstitute its fertility the they were rotated, divide into three parts, 2 for each seasons, one not growing another thing and them rotate to the one not used. Plant to and let the other one rest; a method of crop rotation designed to maintain the fertility of the soil and to provide for a regular supply of fall and spring crops

internal colonization – how they settled in and around Europe, you get some land and they began their villages on the land; the process of cultivating and settling in formerly wild land in medieval Europe

suburb – Residences that sprang up outside the walls of the town

guild – Merchants, craftsmen, and artisans formed their own groups of these, which regulated their trade and protected its members; An organization of merchants or craftspeople who regulated that activities of their members and set standards and prices

master – A craftsman who had the right to operate workshops, train others, and vote on guild business

journeyman – A licensed artisan who had served an apprenticeship and who was employed by a master and paid at a fixed rate per day

apprentice – A “learner” in the shop of a master

masterpiece – Once they become a journeyman after spending years learning as an apprentice and then working as a paid journeyman for a number of years, they have to complete this and have it please their master in order to become a master

water mill – a structure that uses a water wheel or turbine to drive a mechanical process such as flour, lumber or textile production, or metal shaping

iron plow - As it moves, the colter(the vertical blade) slices through the earth; the plowshare then rips the earth up from underneath; and the moldboard (beneath the handles) shoves against the earth, turning it over so that it settles as loose and fertile soil. 

5/24/13 Notes continued

If I wanted to ace the Feudalism test,

I would look up the following terms in Chapter 11 in the textbook:

Feudalism - A term coined by historians to describe the type of government institutions, as well as the general social and politial relationships, that existed among the warrior-landholders in much of Europe during the middle ages.

feudal compact - An arrangement between a lord and his vassal involving the exchanging of property for a personal service.

fief - A grant of land and accompanying government responsibilities and power.

vassal - An organization of merchants or craftspeople who regulated the activities of their members and set standards and prices.

knight - a worrier that has to go through training and makes a pact with a lord

homage - a vassal's act of promising loyalty and obedience to his lord.

serf - a peasant bond to work for a land owner; life long heredity status.

baron - a great lord who exercised his authority over a vast family territory.

peasantry - lowest group of the estate

estates - in the middle ages the groups that made up society: often divined as those who pray, those who fight, and those who work.

manor - the principle farming property and social unit of a medieval community, usually belonging to a member of the feudal nobility or to a church institution.

three-field-system - a method of farming on 3 places

internal colonization - The process of cultivating and settling in formerly wild land in medieval Europe.

suburb - the area outside the town

guild -

master

journeyman

apprentice

masterpiece

water mill

and yes, iron plow

5/23/13 The Last Chapter :(

Feudalism

• The Feudal Compact
• feudalism is a term used by historians to describe the governmental system and the relationships between landowners and warriors.
• warriors, known as knights, would pledge his allegiance to a lord, who would in turn give that knight land.
• the lord would grant a FIEF (property) to the knight, who would then became the lord's vassal (servant)- this was called the "feudal compact"
• the vassal must fight for the lord when he needs it and attend his court once a month.
• Homage and Knighthood
• a vassal was required to pay a homage to his lord, kneeling and taking the lords hand, while he speaks the oath of loyalty
• men were apprenticed to older knights.
• when a knight died, his fief would revert to his son.
• the Feudalization of the Church
• some clergy were know to fight as knights
• Feudal State
• Barons were lords of large territories who usually paid homage to a king
• a baron army could outnumber a king so that kept the kings power in check
• The Manorial Estate
• Medieval society was divided into three "estates"
• The clergy
• The nobility
• The common people
• common people
• farmers
• surfs
• Common people (peasants) worked on plantations (aka manors)
• the "Three-Field System
• divide land into 3
• part was planted in the late summer
• part was planted in the spring 
• one wasn't used
• then the fields were rotated
• around the manor there where small cottages that common people live in
• AHHHHHH IRON PLOW!!!!
• The people of the manor
• the lord was in charge and gave people things to do
• the lady of the house took care of parties and what not
• most peasants were serfs, meaning they would be bound to the land and the lord for "labor service"
• the Population grew bigger because more manors came up all the time. 
• The Growth or Trade
• after 1000 many towns across Europe there was an Agricultural Boom
• farm produce and animals were sold in towns
• spices and silks came over from port cities
• wool, linen, horses, weapon, and slaves were exported
• England and Low Countries were known for their trade in wool, and cloth
• Location and Appearance of Towns
• most medieval towns were surrounded by fortified walls
• residence also sprang up outside the walls in the suburbs
• towns were dominated by a main church and a central marketplace
• buildings for the craft guilds and the wealthiest families would also be in the center of town
• Life of towns people
• towns people were free
• merchants 
• skilled craftsman and artisans
• unskilled laborers and apprentices 
• The Guilds
• merchants, craftsmen and artisans formed their own group called guilds which regulated their trade and protected its members
• craftsmen were classified as masters, journeymen, and apprentices
• once became a master after spending years learning as an apprentice, working as a paid journeyman for a number of years, and completing him "masterpiece"

5/17/13 AFTER ROME 500-700 AD

Angles and Saxons - England

Vandals - Rome/ Carthage

Franks - France (Gaul)

Ostrogoth - Italy

Huns - Greece, Italy, Germany (covered a lot of ground)

Vosogoths - Spain

AFTER ROME   500-700AD

Germanic Kingdom of Western Europe

• Germanic Barbarians
• barbarian warlords and their families who assimilated into Roman Culture became the "nobles" or aristocrats of medieval Europe.
• Germanic tribes who ruled former Roman lands sought to conquer and assimilate other barbarian people.
• the Angles and Saxons invaded Britain and conquered.
• most Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity
• the most powerful tribe was the Franks
• real-power lay with the "mayors of the palace" (land owner who is their boss)
• From "eastern Europe" to "Byzantium"
• the eastern Roman Empire continued on but the west was left to die
• Justinian came to power in 527 and reunited the entire Roman Empire by reconquering the west
• he succeeded for a time, but he was soon conquered by barbarian tribes
• and then the plague depopulated much of the west
• Christian Empire
• the emporers thought of themselves as the heads of the Church
• Byzantines preserved Greco-Roman art, architectires, philosophy and writing despite much of it being non-christian
• Justinian built the massive domed Hagia Sophia ("Holy Wisdom") in Constantinople, considered to be the most glorious church on earth at the time
• 
  

Rome Fades Away

The life of the peasants

• life in the fourth century
• country dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection.
• new farming systems: peasants work for elite landlords on large farms.
• peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by the landlords. 
• paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back-breaking work.
• landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire.
• foreshadowing feudalism.

The western empire crumbles

• Rome's power is decreasing, while barbarians gain power.
• western empire is too poor (neglected)
• Huns migrate to eastern Europe
• Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture the loot Rome itself in 410
• Vandals control Carthage and western Mediterranean
• other barbarian tribes:
• Ostrogoths in Italy
• Franks in Gaul
• Angles and Saxons in Britain

End of an Era

• from the beginning
• 500 BC - the monarchy is established
• 450 BC - the Twelve Tables are established
• ...through the glory days...
• 44 BC - end of the line for Julius Caesar
• 27 BC - 180 AD - the Roman Peace (Pax Romana)
• To the bitter end
• constant fifth century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman Empire shattered and crumbling
• the last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
• barbarians got rid of him without bothering to kill him
• 476 - the last emperor is gone

5/13/13

I wasn't in class because I am sick!

5/10/13

Diocletian ordered a series of edicts (rules or laws)

• first edict
• newly built churches were demolished
• demanded all spiritual thing to me demolished
• prohibited assembling for worship
• but people stopped worshiping in public
• worshiped in private 
• thought people who died for there religion were inspiration
• all Christians were stripped of there rankings
• wanted to eliminate the Christians
• second edict
• ordered arrests 
• imprisoned bishops and priests
• third edict
• ordered to imprison clergymen 
• forth edict
• forced then to come out in public and sacrifice there religion
• if they didn't they would be executed

Constantine's connection to Christianity

• before he prayed to different gods and decided to try the Christian God
• before they went into battle he saw Christ that promised his victory
• he also built up the Roman army
• he shared his power with other emperors
• The Edict of Milan
• means that you cant persecute anyone because of there religion
• said that if you get your land taken away that you get it back

5/9/13

The Roman Empire struggles after the Pax Romana

• In the Third Century AD:
• diseases spread
• hard to defend the frontier against the barbarians
• emperors lost hold of power
• stayed in power for an average of two and a half years
• this was because of wars or people wanted to kill you
• maintaining armies is expensive
• too many citizens in poverty
• 284 AD - Diocletian's Reforms
• increase the size of the army to 400,000 troops
• 1/3 bigger than during Augustus' time
• recruit from barbarians
• recruiting the barbarians was a big risk because they could easily conquer them from the inside
• divide Roman territories into smaller provinces
• new gov't had 20,000 officials
• 10 times bigger 
• if you put more people in charge them more people will become corrupt
• there might be more ideas to help Rome
• more efficient at collecting higher taxes
• this provided a larger army
• but the people are getting something out of the higher taxes
• 300AD
• 60 million people in the empire
• several million are Christians
• Christianity appeal to the poor and disenfranchised
• more Christians
• more face-to-face contact
• more conversions
• more offspring
• Some Christians are gaining power, and becoming the ruling elite
• Diocletian 
• rulled from 284-305
• left Christians alone
• then undertook the most systematic persecution of all*
• Constantine
• ruled as emperor 306-337

1. How did he persecute them all?
• 
  
2. What was his connection with Christianity?
• Constantine favored Christianity. He was exposed to Christianity by his mother but did not commit to a specific religion. But scholars believed that over time he did adopt his mothers religion. Although he didn't get baptized until right before his death. His conversion was thought to be a turning point for early Christianity and was referred to as the Triumph of the Church. But between the time he converted and when he was baptized him and his wife had his two eldest sons murdered.  The battle marked the beginning of Constantine's conversion to Christianity. Eusebius of Caesarea recounts that Constantine and his soldiers had a vision of the Christian God promising victory if they daubed the sign of the Chi-Rho, the first two letters of Christ's name in Greek, on their shields. The Arch of Constantine, erected in celebration of the victory, certainly attributes Constantine's success to divine intervention; however, the monument does not display any overtly Christian symbolism.
3. How did he restructure the empire?
• 
  

5/8/13

Christianity in the Pax Romana

• It all begins with Jesus
• Gospels - Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
• Gospel - good news
• Jesus was a Jewish preacher. 
• Known as Messiahs
• He though one must strive for perfection because God was perfect.
• He sought out imperfection in society.
• He hung out with prostitutes and tax collectors because society was crapped on.
• He was known as the Messiahs who had come to the world to bring faith.
• He was known to be God and Human.
• He was a threat to Roman Rule.
• The followers of Jesus where known as Apostles.
• Paul of Tarsus was a Jew who became a follower of Jesus after a miraculous vision on thee road to Damascus. 
• Paul was the one who was spreading news about him even though he hadn't seen him or met him. 
• Paul was persecuting and was blind. But when Jesus told him to stop he did and his eyesight came back. 
• After Paul was well-traveled and help find churches and kept in touch with new Christians. 
• Letters came from Corinth, Thessalonia, Rome, and Ephesus. 
• 
  

5/6/13 LO2 Christianity in the era of the Roman Peace

        Jesus

- During the period of Jewish conflict leading up to the destruction of the temple in 70 AD Jesus lived and taught.

- The Gospels are books of good news about Jesus. 

- The authors didn't focus on the details of Gods life but more on the birth and death of him.

        The Teacher

- The people that believed in Jesus and the Jews began to fight because the Jews thought he was a direct opponent of their group. 

- Jesus did everything a normal person would to.

- He went to church, he obeyed the law, and h even fallowed some of the Jewish traditions. 

- Because someone said "be perfect, as your heavenly God is perfect" Jesus took this way farther.

- He made a point of associating people whom are sticklers for the Law to be displeasing to God. 

       The Messiah

- Jewish groups hoped for benign. 

- But to fulfill this traditional prophecy that the whole human race will turn to one God.

Today's Class 4/25/13 LO3 The Overthrow of the Republic

LO3: The Overthrow of the Republic

• Non-citizens had no right to a share in government
•  Citizens who lived far away from Rome mostly had no voting rights
• Rome's triumphs abroad had a profound effect on society at home
• In former days, the farmer-soldier had been the backbone of the state
• But the social and economic revolution that followed the Punic Wars changes all that
• Proletarian: In ancient Rome, a propertyless but voting citizens, the lowest calls of Roman citizens
• Rome had "bread and circuses", meaning that there was free food and entertainment
• A new social group was on the up raising, and this group used their wealth to buy buying up ruined farms, restocking them, and then turning them to new purposes
• By 150 B.C., slaves made up nearly one-third of the population of Italy
• Slaves were secretion and tutors in the household of the rich and powerful domestic servant
• Aristocratic-the topmost level of society
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus = the Gracchus Brothers
• Tiberius was elected tribune of the people in 133 B.C.
• Gaius died in 121 B.C. (was his murdered?)
• First civil war was at 88 and 83 B.C.
• Triumvirate: In ancient Rome, an alliance of three politicians that enabled them to control the Republic's decision making
• Julius Ceaser entered the city's politics at a young age
• Ceaser was murdered on March 15, 44 B.C. or the Ideals of March

Test

• The soldier/farmers who fought in Rome’s wars often lost their farms when they returned to Italy and were reduced to the lowest “proletarian” citizen status
• War profiteers abounded and traded in slaves, weapons, and often bought abandoned farms to create large plantations (latifundia)
• "Just grab some land!" (Tiberius Gracchus is NOT cool with that)

War Profiteers

• used their wealth to buy up ruined farms
• small plots were merged into large estates for use as vineyards, olive groves, or pastureland for livestock
• displaced farmers could not compete with the low cost of hiring slaves (Carthage)
• in 150 BC, slaves made up one third of the population of Italy

• In the second century B.C., the Gracchi brothers attempted to carve out special rights for the poor, but their attempts were opposed and they were eventually murdered by their enemies in the Senate

• The Plan:
• resettle many of the city's poor (including army veterans) on small farms
• provide a public subsidy of grain (welfare) for those who remained in Rome
• this would raise the number of independent, self sufficient farmers
• would also reduce the gap between rich and poor
• with Tiberius in the assembly as a tribune, this woulda shoulda coulda worked
• sometimes run out of time.
• Tribunes only served one year, so Tiberius came up short
• his (possibly illegal) re-election simply enraged his enemiesh
• they killed Tiberius, and over 300 of his supporters
• his younger brother Gaius, meanwhile...

What happened to Gaius after he was killed by the Senate:

Gaius' head was cut off, as Opimius had announced that whomever brought back the head would be paid its weight in gold. When the head measured an astonishing seventeen and two-thirds pounds, it was discovered that Septimuleius, who brought the head, committed fraud by removing the brain and pouring in molten lead and therefore received no reward at all. The bodies of Gaius, Fulvius and the three thousand supporters who also died were thrown into the Tiber, their property confiscated and sold to the public treasury.

Civl War

• Julius Caesar, a talented patrician, formed a unique government with two former Sulla allies, Pompey and Crassus, known as the triumvirate
• Pompey was an accomplished general, Crassus the richest man in Rome               (and one of the richest men in history)
• Julius was named proconsul of so. Gaul, and within eight years conquered the rest of it, as well as parts of Britain and Germany, giving him great wealth, power, and influence

• Pompey is jealous, and the Senate is worried
• they tell Caesar to disband his army before returning to Rome
• instead, he and his army cross the Rubicon and make a grand, heroic entrance
• this causes a near civil war between Caesar's forces and Pompey's troops
• Pompey is defeated in Greece, and is killed in Egypt where he had taken refuge
• 46 BC: Caesar returned to Rome in triumph  and was declared “Father of the Fatherland” (an awesome title invented just for him)
• JC had himself appointed tribune, supreme pontiff, consul, and dictator - some at the same time
• why not shoot the works? - he had the Senate name him dictator for life
• we have now come full circle since the days of Tarquin the Proud, haven't we?
• resettle war veterans on farmlands in Italy and in the provinces
• extend Roman citizenship to parts of Gaul and Spain
• appointed citizens from the provinces to the Senate
• build splendid buildings and roads
• introduce reforms into every department of administration

Today's Class 5/2/13

In class today we finished watching the videos and talked about it. We learned that Tiberious was brutaly murdered by the Senate because they didnt like that he was running to be the ruler again. Also we learned that his plan to get the rich land owners to give up some of their land to give to the poor didnt work. After

Today's Class 4/31/13

I wasn't in class today cause I am sick.